Data as of 2025-12-31

Michigan

Michigan voters approved adult-use cannabis through the Michigan Regulation and Taxation of Marihuana Act, an initiated law effective December 6, 2018; the first adult-use retail sales began 360 days later, on December 1, 2019. By the close of calendar-year 2025 the state had reached $3,176,888,397 in combined legal sales — roughly $3.17 billion adult-use and $6.1 million medical — down 3.4 percent from calendar-year 2024, the first annual decline in the market's history. That works out to $313.29 in legal sales per resident. Calendar-year 2025 was a decline in dollars while unit volume hit records; retail prices fell. Adult-use flower averaged $516.21 per ounce in December 2019, $86.61 in April 2024, and $69.20 in December 2024. The state is statutorily barred from capping the number of any license type. Where businesses may operate is set by municipal opt-in: 139 of Michigan's 1,773 municipalities, 7.84 percent, permit adult-use establishments. Home cultivation of up to 12 plants per residence is permitted. Medical sales have fallen every year since the early adult-use period, from $481 million in 2021 to $6.1 million in 2025. A 24 percent wholesale excise tax took effect January 1, 2026, layered atop the existing 10 percent retail excise.

Market

Licensing & Market

Michigan is statutorily prohibited from capping the number of any cannabis license type; municipalities may limit local establishment counts. At the close of calendar-year 2025 there were approximately 838 active adult-use retailers, a figure drawn from the regulator's monthly reporting as cited by trade press. That equals 8.26 operating dispensaries per 100,000 residents. The Cannabis Regulatory Agency publishes active license counts and annual issuance flows rather than a cumulative awarded total, so an awarded-versus-operational activation rate cannot be computed for either cultivators or retailers from public records, and current cultivator counts are not available in a clean public form. Licenses are statutorily non-transferable, though a full change of ownership may be approved by the regulator as a license amendment. There is no residency requirement; the Act's 24-month transitional resident preference lapsed around December 2021. Vertical integration is neither required nor prohibited, and grower, processor, and retailer co-location is protected by statute; the restrictions are a firewall barring common ownership with safety-compliance laboratories and a cap on holding interests in no more than five growers. Municipal opt-in governs where businesses may operate: 139 of 1,773 municipalities, 7.84 percent, permit adult-use establishments, a figure as of April 2024. The nonrefundable application fee is $3,000 for all establishment types; the annual regulatory assessment is $24,000 for a Class C grower and $15,000 for a retailer. The state tracks product through Metrc.

Field Value Source
Cultivator licenses awarded Not available in the public record —
Cultivator licenses operational Not available in the public record —
Cultivator activation rate Not available in the public record —
Operating cultivators per million Not available in the public record —
Retail licenses awarded Not available in the public record —
Retail licenses operational 838 [8]
Retail activation rate Not available in the public record —
Dispensaries per 100k 8.26 [9]
Vertical integration allowed with restrictions [10]
License caps exist No [11]
Licenses transferable No [12]
Residency required No [13]
Residency duration (months) Not available in the public record —
Municipalities allowing 139 [14]
Municipalities total 1773 [15]
Municipal opt-in rate 7.84% [16]
Track-and-trace system Metrc [17]
Cultivator application fee $3,000 [18]
Cultivator annual fee $24,000 [19]
Retail application fee $3,000 [20]
Retail annual fee $15,000 [21]
Consumers

Consumer Rules

Adults 21 and over may possess up to 2.5 ounces of cannabis in public, with no more than 15 grams of concentrate, and up to 10 ounces at a residence. Home cultivation is permitted: up to 12 plants per residence, not per person. Per-transaction purchases are capped at 2.5 ounces of usable cannabis, the same as the public possession limit, with a 15-gram concentrate sublimit; the state codifies no separate per-transaction ceiling for edibles, which are governed instead by the aggregate limit and a 200-milligram-per-package product rule. All major product forms are legal, including flower, concentrates, edibles, tinctures, topicals, and beverages. Delivery is legal for licensed retailers under a regulator-approved delivery plan and is operational statewide, though the state does not publish a standalone count of operating delivery services. Designated consumption establishments are a licensed category subject to local authorization; the state does not publish a public count of operating lounges.

Field Value Source
Home grow allowed Yes [22]
Home grow plant limit 12 [23]
Possession limit (oz) 2.5 [24]
Delivery legal Yes [25]
Delivery operational Yes [26]
Consumption lounges legal Yes [27]
Consumption lounges count Not available in the public record —
Purchase limit, flower (oz) 2.5 [28]
Purchase limit, concentrate (g) 15 [29]
Purchase limit, edibles (mg) Not available in the public record —
All product forms legal Yes [30]
Restricted product forms Not available in the public record —
Taxes

Taxation

Michigan imposes a 10 percent ad valorem excise tax on adult-use retail sales. Retail sales also carry the 6 percent state general sales tax, for a consumer-visible combined rate of 16 percent. A 24 percent wholesale excise tax on adult-use cannabis took effect January 1, 2026 under 2025 Public Act 23; it is embedded in the wholesale price rather than shown as a line item at retail. The state levies no THC-potency-tiered tax, and local cannabis excise is not authorized. Medical cannabis is exempt from the 10 percent excise but still pays the 6 percent general sales tax, so it is not fully tax-exempt. The Marihuana Regulation Fund had more than $331 million available for distribution in fiscal year 2024, predominantly the 10 percent adult-use excise plus license fees — about $32.64 per resident. By statute the excise is distributed 35 percent to the School Aid Fund, 35 percent to the Transportation Fund, 15 percent to municipalities, and 15 percent to counties.

Field Value Source
Excise tax 10% [31]
Excise tax type per price [32]
Sales tax 6% [33]
Wholesale tax 24% [34]
Potency tax exists No [35]
Potency tax, flower Not available in the public record —
Potency tax, concentrate Not available in the public record —
Potency tax, edibles Not available in the public record —
Local tax (max) Not available in the public record —
Local tax (typical) Not available in the public record —
Total effective rate 16% [36]
Medical tax exempt No [37]
Medical tax rate 6% [38]
Annual tax revenue $331,000,000 [39]
Tax revenue per capita $32.64 [40]
Tax changed since legalization Yes [41]
Tax direction increased [42]
Operators

Operator Data

Total legal sales reached $3,176,888,397 in calendar-year 2025, of which roughly $3.17 billion was adult-use. Year-over-year growth was negative 3.4 percent, the first annual decline since launch, against record unit volume. Sales per resident were $313.29. Retail prices are declining: adult-use flower averaged $516.21 per ounce in December 2019, $86.61 in April 2024, and $69.20 in December 2024. Michigan published no public wholesale price index before the 2026 wholesale tax; the Treasury statutory average wholesale price for flower was $656.96 per pound for the first quarter of 2026, a tax-basis figure rather than a transacted market index. Because only one public wholesale quarter exists and it spans a different period and construct than the retail price series, wholesale-level compression and operator margins cannot be quantified from public records. The state does not publish a clean public count of license attrition or peak-versus-current cultivation licenses. What the public record shows is a multi-billion-dollar market that recorded its first annual revenue decline while unit volume set records and retail prices fell.

Field Value Source
Wholesale flower ($/lb) $656.96 [43]
Wholesale flower period 2026 Q1 [44]
Wholesale trend declining [45]
Wholesale price compression Not available in the public record —
Retail flower ($/oz) $69.2 [46]
Operator margin Not available in the public record —
Total market sales $3,176,888,397 [47]
Adult-use sales $3,170,774,716 [48]
Per-capita sales $313.07 [49]
YoY sales growth -3.4% [50]
License attrition (count) Not available in the public record —
License attrition Not available in the public record —
Peak cultivation licenses Not available in the public record —
Current cultivation licenses Not available in the public record —
Outcomes

Consumer Data

Michigan residents purchased $313.29 of legal cannabis per capita in calendar-year 2025, served by 8.26 operating dispensaries per 100,000 residents. Retail prices are declining, with adult-use flower falling from $516.21 per ounce in December 2019 to $69.20 in December 2024. The state publishes no estimate of legal-market capture — the share of total consumption met by licensed retailers versus the unregulated market — so the degree to which legal supply has displaced the legacy market cannot be stated from public sources.

Field Value Source
Per-capita sales $313.07 [49]
Dispensaries per 100k 8.26 [9]
Legal market capture Not available in the public record —
Legal capture source Not available in the public record —
Retail price trend declining [51]
Equity

Equity Programs

Michigan's Social Equity Program is geography- and conviction-based rather than race-based. It qualifies applicants who have lived for five or more years in one of 184 designated disproportionately impacted communities, who have a cannabis-related conviction, or who were registered medical caregivers, and it provides graduated application and licensure fee reductions of 25 to 100 percent. There is no dedicated statutory equity fund; the Marihuana Regulation Fund excise is distributed to schools, roads, municipalities, and counties. A separate Social Equity Grant Program is a legislative appropriation of roughly $1 million per year, shared among 103 active social-equity licensees in 2025 and 62 in 2024. The state does not publish a cumulative count of social-equity licenses awarded or operational, nor a population-representative figure for minority or women ownership; the only ownership source is a voluntary demographic survey with a roughly 25 percent response rate, which is not reported here as a percentage. Expungement is automatic under the Clean Slate Act, 2020 Public Act 193, effective April 11, 2023. The state does not publish a cannabis-specific count of records expunged.

Field Value Source
Equity program exists Yes [52]
Equity program type CRA Social Equity Program — geography- and conviction-based (NOT race-based). Qualifies applicants who lived 5+ years in one of 184 'disproportionately impacted communities' (above-median marihuana convictions and 20%+ poverty), have a marihuana-related conviction, or were a registered medical caregiver. Benefits: graduated application/licensure fee reductions (25-100%) plus an annual Social Equity Grant Program. No race classification and no income cap. [53]
Equity licenses awarded Not available in the public record —
Equity licenses operational Not available in the public record —
Equity activation rate Not available in the public record —
Equity fund exists No [54]
Equity fund size Not available in the public record —
Equity fund disbursed Not available in the public record —
Equity fund disbursement rate Not available in the public record —
Minority ownership Not available in the public record —
Women ownership Not available in the public record —
Community reinvestment Not available in the public record —
Expungement exists Yes [55]
Expungement automatic Yes [56]
Expungements processed Not available in the public record —
Income cap for equity Not available in the public record —
Enforcement

Enforcement

Michigan tracks regulated product seed-to-sale through Metrc. The Cannabis Regulatory Agency reported 2,377 disciplinary actions against medical and adult-use licensees in fiscal year 2025, and referred 61 unlicensed-operator complaints to the Michigan State Police, of 176 total illegal-activity referrals. Fiscal year 2025 program administration cost $33,512,215, the sum of adult-use and medical program expenditures. The agency reported 155 employees as of July 31, 2024. Nine safety-test categories are required by rule, and the maximum fine is $10,000 per violation, or daily gross receipts if greater. The state publishes investigations opened and closed rather than a routine-inspection count, and does not publish a consolidated annual recall count, a per-batch testing cost, or a statutory minimum fine — not because these activities do not occur, but because the regulator does not report them in a form that can be sourced for a public reference.

Field Value Source
Track-and-trace system Metrc [17]
Inspections per year Not available in the public record —
Enforcement actions (licensees) 2377 [58]
Unlicensed-market enforcement actions 61 [59]
Regulatory budget $33,512,215 [60]
Regulatory staff 155 [61]
Mandatory testing analytes 9 [62]
Testing cost per batch Not available in the public record —
Product recalls per year Not available in the public record —
Fine schedule (min) Not available in the public record —
Fine schedule (max) $10,000 [63]
Criminal Law

Penalties & Criminal Law

The Michigan Regulation and Taxation of Marihuana Act, effective December 6, 2018, legalized possession of up to 2.5 ounces in public and home cultivation of up to 12 plants, converting former criminal offenses to civil infractions. No cannabis criminal penalty has been increased after legalization; the net direction is lighter, and the 2025 wholesale-tax change was a tax, not a criminal penalty. Possession above the public limit, from 2.5 to 5 ounces, is a civil infraction carrying a maximum $500 fine for a first offense; a third or subsequent offense is a misdemeanor with a maximum $2,000 fine. Simple possession is a misdemeanor regardless of weight, carrying up to one year and a $2,000 fine. Public consumption is a civil infraction carrying up to a $100 fine and forfeiture. Felony exposure arises from the manufacture or delivery element rather than from possession weight alone: unlicensed cultivation or sale at the top tier — 200 or more plants, or 45 kilograms — is a felony carrying up to 15 years and a fine up to $10,000,000. Michigan sets no per se THC blood limit for impaired driving; recreational drivers face a zero-tolerance standard for any active THC, while registered medical patients require proof of actual impairment. Eligible cannabis records are expunged automatically. Cannabis arrests recorded in federal data fell to 392 in calendar-year 2024; that series undercounts and is preserved in the underlying time-series rather than stated as a complete figure. The only available racial-disparity ratio is a pre-legalization 2010 figure of 3.3 times the white arrest rate for cannabis possession, and no clean post-legalization statewide ratio is published from a primary source.

Field Value Source
Max penalty, unlicensed cultivation Felony — up to 15 years and up to $10,000,000 fine for 200+ plants (MCL 333.7401(2)(d)). MRTMA protects up to 12 plants for personal home cultivation; commercial-scale unlicensed cultivation falls under the Public Health Code. [64]
Max penalty, unlicensed sale Felony — up to 15 years and up to $10,000,000 fine for 45 kg or 200+ plants (MCL 333.7401(2)(d)); lowest tier (<5 kg / <20 plants) up to 4 years and $20,000. [65]
Felony threshold (grams) Not available in the public record —
Felony threshold type sale [66]
Penalty, possession over limit Over the 2.5 oz public limit up to 2x (2.5-5 oz): civil infraction, max $500 (1st), $1,000 (2nd); 3rd+ misdemeanor max $2,000 (MCL 333.27965(2)). Simple possession generally a misdemeanor up to 1 year / $2,000 (MCL 333.7403(2)(d)). [67]
Penalty, public consumption Civil infraction — up to $100 fine and forfeiture of the marihuana (MCL 333.27965(1)); consuming in a public place is prohibited conduct under MCL 333.27954. [68]
DUI per se limit (ng) Not available in the public record —
DUI zero tolerance Yes [69]
Penalties increased post-legalization No [70]
Penalty direction lighter [71]
Penalty direction details MRTMA (eff. 12/6/2018) legalized possession up to 2.5 oz and home cultivation of up to 12 plants, converting former criminal offenses to civil infractions, and the 2020 Clean Slate Act (eff. 4/11/2023) created automatic expungement. Large-scale unlicensed commercial activity remains a Public Health Code felony (MCL 333.7401). No cannabis penalty has been statutorily increased post-legalization; the 2025 PA 23 change was a tax (24% wholesale excise), not a criminal penalty. [72]
Post-legalization arrests (annual) 392 [73]
Racial disparity ratio 3.3 [74]
Expungement exists Yes [55]
Expungement automatic Yes [56]

Sources

  1. ↑ [Michigan Cannabis Regulatory Agency (CRA)]() https://www.michigan.gov/cra
  2. ↑ [U.S. Census QuickFacts: Michigan]() https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MI/PST045224
  3. ↑ Most recent annual data point: CY2025 statewide sales reported January 2026 from Michigan CRA monthly statistical reports — [MJBizDaily (citing CRA)]() https://mjbizdaily.com/news/michigan-cannabis-sales-hit-record-high-in-2025-but-revenue-drops/614080
  4. ↑ Michigan Regulation and Taxation of Marihuana Act (MRTMA), Initiated Law 1 of 2018, effective December 6, 2018 — [MCL Initiated Law 1 of 2018, history note]() https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-Initiated-Law-1-of-2018
  5. ↑ First adult-use retail sales began December 1, 2019 — [Michigan LARA/MRA news release, Nov 27, 2019 (transfer window opens Dec 1)](); corroborated by [UM Injury Prevention Center, Sept 2025](https://injurycenter.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Cannabis-Report-2025.pdf) ('retail recreational cannabis sales in Michigan began in December 2019') https://www.michigan.gov/lara/news-releases/2019/11/27/adult-use-marijuana-transfer-window-opens-sunday-in-michigan
  6. ↑ Computed: first_sale_date (2019-12-01) − legalization_date (2018-12-06) = 360 days
  7. ↑ [U.S. Census QuickFacts: Michigan]() — Vintage 2024 population estimate 10,140,459 (July 1, 2024); corroborated by [Michigan Center for Data and Analytics, Dec 2024](https://www.michigan.gov/mcda/insights/2024/12/20/vintage24-pop-estimates) https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MI/PST045224
  8. ↑ [SECONDARY] ~838 active adult-use retailers at end of CY2025 — [MJBizDaily / Cannabis Business Times (citing Michigan CRA monthly report)](). Corroborating primary: [Michigan Treasury FY2024 Adult-Use Distributions](https://www.michigan.gov/treasury/news/2025/02/21/adult-use-marijuana-payments-being-distributed) counted 854 licensed retail stores + microbusinesses as of 9/30/2024 https://www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com/us-states/michigan/news/15711919/michigan-eclipses-10-billion-in-adultuse-cannabis-sales
  9. ↑ Computed: 838 active adult-use retailers / (10,140,459 / 100,000) = 8.26
  10. ↑ MRTMA does not require vertical integration and protects grower/processor/retailer co-location (MCL 333.27956(5)); cross-tier restriction bars safety-compliance (lab) common ownership and caps ownership at 5 growers — [MRTMA MCL 333.27959]() https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-Initiated-Law-1-of-2018
  11. ↑ State is statutorily prohibited from capping the number of any license type — [MRTMA MCL 333.27958(3)(a)](). (Municipalities may limit local establishment counts.) https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-Initiated-Law-1-of-2018
  12. ↑ Marihuana licenses are non-transferable; a 100% change of ownership requires a CRA-approved amendment — [Michigan CRA FAQ: transferring a license]() https://www.michigan.gov/cra/faq/rec-use-accordion/amendment-questions/can-i-transfer-a-marijuana-license-from-one-entity-to-another
  13. ↑ No residency requirement. MRTMA's 24-month transitional resident/MMFLA-licensee preference (MCL 333.27959(6)) expired ~Dec 2021 — [MRTMA MCL 333.27959]() https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-Initiated-Law-1-of-2018
  14. ↑ [SECONDARY] 139 municipalities opted in to allow adult-use establishments as of April 2024 — [University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Sept 2025]() p.8 (citing CRA opt-in data). Primary list: [CRA MRTMA opt-in document](https://www.michigan.gov/cra/-/media/Project/Websites/cra/Opt-in-Opt-out-documents/MRTMA-opt-ins.pdf) https://injurycenter.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Cannabis-Report-2025.pdf
  15. ↑ Michigan has 1,773 municipalities (275 cities + 258 villages + 1,240 townships per MRTMA's definition, MCL 333.27953) — [U.S. Census Bureau, State & Local Government Geography Guide: Michigan (2010)]() https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-local-geo-guides-2010/michigan.html
  16. ↑ Computed: 139 / 1,773 × 100 = 7.84
  17. ↑ Metrc (CRA 'Statewide Monitoring System') — [Michigan CRA, Statewide Marijuana Monitoring System Information — Metrc]() https://www.michigan.gov/cra/resources/statewide-monitoring-system-information-metrc
  18. ↑ $3,000 nonrefundable application fee (uniform across adult-use establishment types) — [Mich. Admin. Code R. 420.7](); [CRA fee FAQ](https://www.michigan.gov/cra/faq/rec-use-accordion/fees/what-is-the-cost-of-applying-for-an-adult-use-marijuana-establishment-license) https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/michigan/Mich-Admin-Code-R-420-7
  19. ↑ Class C Marihuana Grower (≤2,000 plants) initial/annual regulatory assessment $24,000 — [Mich. Admin. Code R. 420.7](); corroborated by [MI CRA FY2025 Annual Statistical Report (Class C grower assessment $24,000)](https://www.michigan.gov/lara/about/legislative-reports) https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/michigan/Mich-Admin-Code-R-420-7
  20. ↑ $3,000 nonrefundable application fee (uniform across adult-use establishment types) — [Mich. Admin. Code R. 420.7]() https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/michigan/Mich-Admin-Code-R-420-7
  21. ↑ Marihuana Retailer initial/annual regulatory assessment $15,000 — [Mich. Admin. Code R. 420.7](); corroborated by MI CRA FY2025 Annual Statistical Report (retailer assessment $15,000) https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/michigan/Mich-Admin-Code-R-420-7
  22. ↑ MRTMA permits personal home cultivation — [MCL 333.27955(1)(b)]() https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27955
  23. ↑ Up to 12 plants per residence (not per person) for personal use — [MCL 333.27955(1)(b)]() https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27955
  24. ↑ 2.5 oz in public (no more than 15 g concentrate); up to 10 oz may be kept at residence — [MCL 333.27955(1)(a)]() https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27955
  25. ↑ Home delivery authorized for licensed retailers via a CRA-approved delivery plan — [Michigan CRA licensing FAQ]() https://www.michigan.gov/cra/faq/rec-use-accordion/licensing
  26. ↑ Retailer home delivery is active statewide under CRA-approved delivery plans — [Michigan CRA licensing FAQ]() https://www.michigan.gov/cra/faq/rec-use-accordion/licensing
  27. ↑ Designated consumption establishments are a licensed category (local authorization required) — [MCL 333.27956](); [CRA DCE technical bulletin](https://www.michigan.gov/cra) https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27956
  28. ↑ 2.5 oz aggregate per transaction (same as the public possession limit) — [MCL 333.27955(1)(a)]() https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27955
  29. ↑ 15 g concentrate sublimit within the 2.5 oz aggregate — [MCL 333.27955(1)(a)]() https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27955
  30. ↑ Flower, concentrate, edibles, tinctures, topicals, and beverages are all permitted; restrictions are on packaging/marketing, not on product form — [MCL 333.27953 (definitions)]() https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-333-27953
  31. ↑ 10% adult-use retail excise — [MRTMA MCL 333.27963]() https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27963
  32. ↑ Ad valorem (percentage of sales price) — [MRTMA MCL 333.27963]() https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27963
  33. ↑ 6% Michigan general sales tax applies to adult-use marihuana as tangible personal property — [General Sales Tax Act, MCL 205.52 (6% rate)](); [Michigan Treasury MRET](https://www.michigan.gov/taxes/business-taxes/mret/about) https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-205-52
  34. ↑ 24% wholesale excise on adult-use marihuana, effective January 1, 2026 — [2025 PA 23](); [Michigan Treasury notice on the wholesale tax](https://www.michigan.gov/treasury/reference/taxpayer-notices/notice-to-taxpayers-regarding-the-wholesale-tax-on-adult-use-marihuana) https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2025-2026/publicact/htm/2025-PA-0023.htm
  35. ↑ No THC-potency-tiered tax; all excise is ad valorem — [MRTMA MCL 333.27963]() https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27963
  36. ↑ Consumer-visible combined rate = 10% excise + 6% sales tax = 16% — [MCL 333.27963](); [MCL 205.52](https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-205-52). (Excludes the new embedded 24% wholesale excise.) https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27963
  37. ↑ Not fully exempt: medical marihuana is exempt from the 10% MRTMA excise (and the original 3% MMFLA excise was eliminated ~2019) but still pays the 6% general sales tax — [MCL 333.27963](); [MCL 333.27601 (MMFLA excise sunset)](https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-333-27601) https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27963
  38. ↑ Medical marihuana pays the 6% general sales tax (exempt from the 10% excise) — [Michigan Treasury MRET]() https://www.michigan.gov/taxes/business-taxes/mret/about
  39. ↑ [Michigan Dept. of Treasury, Feb 21, 2025]() — FY2024 Marihuana Regulation Fund 'more than $331 million available for distribution' (10% excise + fees); corroborated by [Michigan Public](https://www.michiganpublic.org/community/2025-02-26/michigan-distributes-millions-from-marijuana-tax-revenue) https://www.michigan.gov/treasury/news/2025/02/21/adult-use-marijuana-payments-being-distributed
  40. ↑ Computed: $331,000,000 / 10,140,459 = $32.64
  41. ↑ Yes — 2025 PA 23 added a 24% wholesale excise effective 1/1/2026 on top of the original 10% retail excise — [2025 PA 23]() https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2025-2026/publicact/htm/2025-PA-0023.htm
  42. ↑ Increased — new 24% wholesale excise layered atop the 10% retail excise — [2025 PA 23]() https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2025-2026/publicact/htm/2025-PA-0023.htm
  43. ↑ [SECONDARY] Michigan Treasury statutory average wholesale price for flower, Q1 2026 (Jan 1-Mar 31, 2026) = $656.96/lb, published for the new 24% wholesale tax — [Michigan Treasury Average Wholesale Prices](). (No public Michigan wholesale price index existed before the 2026 wholesale tax.) https://www.michigan.gov/taxes/business-taxes/wholesale-marihuana-tax/average-wholesale-prices
  44. ↑ [SECONDARY] Q1 2026 (Jan 1-Mar 31, 2026) Treasury price guidance window — [Michigan Treasury Average Wholesale Prices]() https://www.michigan.gov/taxes/business-taxes/wholesale-marihuana-tax/average-wholesale-prices
  45. ↑ [SECONDARY] Declining — record unit volumes with falling dollar revenue and record-low retail prices — [MJBizDaily (citing CRA)]() https://mjbizdaily.com/news/michigan-cannabis-sales-hit-record-high-in-2025-but-revenue-drops/614080
  46. ↑ [SECONDARY] Dec 2024 adult-use flower average $69.20/oz (all-time low at that date) — [Cannabis Business Times (citing Michigan CRA)](). Prices fell further in CY2025 (see _notes) https://www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com/top-stories/news/15710618/michigan-dispensaries-break-3-billion-annual-sales-record-103k-pounds-monthly-flower-record
  47. ↑ [SECONDARY] CY2025 total (adult-use + medical) ~$3.18B — [MJBizDaily (citing Michigan CRA)]() https://mjbizdaily.com/news/michigan-cannabis-sales-hit-record-high-in-2025-but-revenue-drops/614080
  48. ↑ [SECONDARY] CY2025 adult-use ~$3.17B — [MJBizDaily (citing Michigan CRA)]() https://mjbizdaily.com/news/michigan-cannabis-sales-hit-record-high-in-2025-but-revenue-drops/614080
  49. ↑ CALC: CY2025 · adult-use sales $3,170,774,716 / population 10,127,884 (U.S. Census Vintage 2025) = $313.07. Reconciled adult-use per-capita (matches Operator Outcomes and the ranking page).
  50. ↑ [SECONDARY] CY2025 total sales declined ~3.4% vs CY2024 (first annual decline since launch) — [MJBizDaily (citing CRA)]() https://mjbizdaily.com/news/michigan-cannabis-sales-hit-record-high-in-2025-but-revenue-drops/614080
  51. ↑ [SECONDARY] Declining — adult-use flower fell from $516.21/oz (Dec 2019) to $86.61/oz (Apr 2024) to ~$69.20/oz (Dec 2024) and lower in CY2025 — [UM Injury Prevention Center, Sept 2025](); [Cannabis Business Times (citing CRA)](https://www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com/top-stories/news/15710618/michigan-dispensaries-break-3-billion-annual-sales-record-103k-pounds-monthly-flower-record) https://injurycenter.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Cannabis-Report-2025.pdf
  52. ↑ [Michigan CRA Social Equity Program]() https://www.michigan.gov/cra/sections/social-equity-program
  53. ↑ [Michigan CRA Social Equity Program](); 184 designated disproportionately impacted communities — [CRA communities list](https://www.michigan.gov/cra/sections/social-equity-program/michigan-communities-that-meet-criteria-for-the-social-equity-program) https://www.michigan.gov/cra/sections/social-equity-program
  54. ↑ No dedicated statutory equity fund; MRTMA excise (MCL 333.27964) is distributed 35% School Aid Fund, 35% Transportation Fund, 15% municipalities, and 15% counties (30% to local governments). A separate ~$1M/yr Social Equity Grant is a legislative appropriation — [CRA Social Equity Grant Program]() https://www.michigan.gov/cra/grants/social-equity-grant-program
  55. ↑ Clean Slate Act (2020 PA 193, MCL 780.621g) automatic expungement + petition-based set-aside of marihuana convictions (MCL 780.621e) — [MCL 780.621e]() https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-780-621E
  56. ↑ Automatic expungement of qualifying convictions effective April 11, 2023 under the Clean Slate Act (MCL 780.621g) — [Michigan Courts Clean Slate / SCAO](); [Michigan AG expungement assistance](https://www.michigan.gov/ag/initiatives/expungement-assistance/marijuana-misdemeanor-crimes) https://www.courts.michigan.gov/4a8409/siteassets/court-administration/scao-communications/2021-01.pdf
  57. ↑ Metrc — [Michigan CRA Statewide Monitoring System]() https://www.michigan.gov/cra/resources/statewide-monitoring-system-information-metrc
  58. ↑ FY2025: 2,377 disciplinary actions (warning letters, formal complaints, consent/final orders, summary suspensions) against medical and adult-use licensees — [MI CRA FY2025 Annual Statistical Report]() https://www.michigan.gov/lara/about/legislative-reports
  59. ↑ FY2025: 61 unlicensed-operator complaints referred to the Michigan State Police (of 176 total illegal-activity referrals) — [MI CRA FY2025 Annual Statistical Report]() https://www.michigan.gov/lara/about/legislative-reports
  60. ↑ FY2025 CRA program administration cost: adult-use $24,065,663 + medical $9,446,553 = $33,512,215 — [MI CRA FY2025 Annual Statistical Report]() https://www.michigan.gov/lara/about/legislative-reports
  61. ↑ [SECONDARY] 155 CRA employees as of July 31, 2024 — [Michigan House Fiscal Agency CRA presentation, Apr 2025](); [Michigan Office of the Auditor General — CRA](https://audgen.michigan.gov/in-progress/cannabis-regulatory-agency/) https://www.house.mi.gov/hfa
  62. ↑ Nine required safety-test categories (potency, foreign matter, microbials, chemical residue/pesticides, heavy metals, residual solvents, water activity, mycotoxins, target analytes) — [Mich. Admin. Code R. 420.305]() https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/michigan/Mich-Admin-Code-R-420-305
  63. ↑ Up to $10,000 per violation (or daily gross receipts, whichever greater) per CRA disciplinary rules — [Mich. Admin. Code R. 420.806]() https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/michigan/Mich-Admin-Code-R-420-806
  64. ↑ [MCL 333.7401(2)(d)]() (manufacture/cultivation felony tiers); [MRTMA MCL 333.27965](https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27965) (personal cultivation protections up to 12 plants) https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-7401
  65. ↑ [MCL 333.7401(2)(d)]() — delivery/manufacture felony tiers up to 15 years and $10,000,000 https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-7401
  66. ↑ Felony exposure requires the manufacture/delivery (sale) element; simple possession is a misdemeanor regardless of quantity — [MCL 333.7401](); [MCL 333.7403](https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-7403) https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-7401
  67. ↑ [MRTMA MCL 333.27965(2)](); [MCL 333.7403(2)(d)](https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-7403) https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27965
  68. ↑ [MRTMA MCL 333.27965(1)]() and [MCL 333.27954](https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27954) https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27965
  69. ↑ Zero-tolerance for any active THC for recreational drivers under [MCL 257.625(8)](); registered medical patients require proof of impairment (People v. Koon, 2013). No ng/mL per se limit codified https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-257-625
  70. ↑ No cannabis criminal penalty has been increased since MRTMA (2018) — [MRTMA MCL 333.27965]() https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27965
  71. ↑ Lighter — MRTMA legalized personal possession/cultivation and the Clean Slate Act automated expungement — [MRTMA MCL 333.27955](); [MCL 780.621g](https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-780-621E) https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27955
  72. ↑ [MRTMA MCL 333.27955](); [MCL 333.7401](https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-7401); [2025 PA 23 (tax, not penalty)](https://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2025-2026/publicact/htm/2025-PA-0023.htm) https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-333-27955
  73. ↑ [SECONDARY] CY2024: 392 cannabis arrests (263 possession + 129 sales/manufacturing) per FBI NIBRS — [NORML Michigan Marijuana Arrests](). NIBRS coverage is partial; treat as a floor https://norml.org/marijuana/library/state-marijuana-arrests/michigan-marijuana-arrests/
  74. ↑ [SECONDARY] Black Michiganders arrested for marihuana possession at 3.3x the white rate (2010 data) — [ACLU, 2013 (Michigan)](); national 3.64x in [ACLU 'A Tale of Two Countries' (2020)](https://www.aclu.org/news/criminal-law-reform/a-tale-of-two-countries-racially-targeted-arrests-in-the-era-of-marijuana-reform). Pre-legalization baseline https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/blacks-found-be-33-times-more-likely-be-arrested-marijuana-possession-whites-michigan
  75. ↑ [MCL 780.621e]() https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=MCL-780-621E
  76. ↑ [Michigan Courts Clean Slate / SCAO]() https://www.courts.michigan.gov/4a8409/siteassets/court-administration/scao-communications/2021-01.pdf
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