Data as of 2026-06-07

North Carolina

North Carolina has enacted no state medical or adult-use cannabis law. Cannabis above 0.3 percent delta-9 THC remains a Schedule VI controlled substance under NCGS 90-94, and possession, manufacture, and sale are criminalized under NCGS 90-95. The only state-law cannabis exception is the Epilepsy Alternative Treatment Act (NCGS 90-94.1), which permits qualified intractable-epilepsy patients and caregivers to possess hemp extract below 0.9 percent THC, with no in-state production or sale. The Compassionate Care Act, the state's medical-cannabis vehicle, has passed the North Carolina Senate repeatedly but stalled in the House each session; the 2025-26 bill, HB 1011, has not received a committee hearing. Because no state program exists, the licensing, market, fiscal, operator, and enforcement sections of this profile are null by absence of a program rather than by absence of data. Two markets nonetheless operate within the state's borders. Hemp at or below 0.3 percent delta-9 THC was removed from the controlled-substances schedule by NC Session Law 2022-32, producing a large, largely unregulated retail market for intoxicating hemp derivatives. Separately, a fully legal medical and adult-use cannabis market operates on the Qualla Boundary under the sovereign authority of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, outside North Carolina state jurisdiction. The most recent annual cannabis-arrest total is 11,585 for calendar-year 2024, the equivalent of 104.9 arrests per 100,000 residents.

Market

Licensing & Market

North Carolina has no state cannabis licensing framework. There are no cultivation, manufacturing, or retail licenses; no license caps, residency rules, or application fees; no seed-to-sale tracking system; and no municipal opt-in or opt-out structure. These fields are null because the state program does not exist, not because the figures are unreported. A separate licensing regime operates on the Qualla Boundary under the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians Cannabis Control Board, but that is sovereign tribal regulation outside North Carolina state jurisdiction and is not captured in the state fields here.

Field Value Source
Cultivator licenses awarded Not available in the public record
Cultivator licenses operational Not available in the public record
Cultivator activation rate Not available in the public record
Operating cultivators per million Not available in the public record
Retail licenses awarded Not available in the public record
Retail licenses operational Not available in the public record
Retail activation rate Not available in the public record
Dispensaries per 100k Not available in the public record
Vertical integration Not available in the public record
License caps exist Not available in the public record
Licenses transferable Not available in the public record
Residency required Not available in the public record
Residency duration (months) Not available in the public record
Municipalities allowing Not available in the public record
Municipalities total Not available in the public record
Municipal opt-in rate Not available in the public record
Track-and-trace system Not available in the public record
Cultivator application fee Not available in the public record
Cultivator annual fee Not available in the public record
Retail application fee Not available in the public record
Retail annual fee Not available in the public record
Consumers

Consumer Rules

There is no lawful adult-use or medical cannabis possession, purchase, or sale under North Carolina state law. Home cultivation is illegal and is prosecuted as manufacture of a Schedule VI controlled substance under NCGS 90-95(a)(1). Delivery and consumption lounges are not authorized, and no statutory possession or purchase limits exist because no legal possession or purchase exists. The narrow exception is the Epilepsy Alternative Treatment Act (NCGS 90-94.1), which permits possession, but not production or in-state purchase, of hemp extract below 0.9 percent THC and at least 5 percent CBD for qualified intractable-epilepsy patients. Hemp products at or below 0.3 percent delta-9 THC are legal following NC Session Law 2022-32, which removed hemp-derived THC from the controlled-substances schedule.

Field Value Source
Home grow allowed No [5]
Home grow plant limit Not available in the public record
Possession limit (oz) Not available in the public record
Delivery legal No [6]
Delivery operational No [7]
Consumption lounges legal No [8]
Consumption lounges count Not available in the public record
Purchase limit, flower (oz) Not available in the public record
Purchase limit, concentrate (g) Not available in the public record
Purchase limit, edibles (mg) Not available in the public record
All product forms legal No [9]
Restricted product forms Cannabis with more than 0.3% delta-9 THC is illegal under North Carolina state law for all uses; there is no state medical or adult-use program. The only state-law cannabis exception is the Epilepsy Alternative Treatment Act (NCGS 90-94.1), which permits qualified intractable-epilepsy patients/caregivers to possess (not produce or buy in-state) hemp extract with <0.9% THC and >=5% CBD. Hemp products at or below 0.3% delta-9 THC are legal (NC Session Law 2022-32 removed hemp-derived THC from the controlled substances schedule), which has produced a large, largely unregulated retail market for intoxicating hemp derivatives (delta-8, THCA flower). NOTE: a separate, fully legal medical and adult-use (21+) cannabis market operates on the Qualla Boundary under the sovereign authority of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (Great Smoky Cannabis Co.), outside North Carolina state jurisdiction. [10]
Taxes

Taxation

North Carolina levies no cannabis tax of any kind. There is no state excise, sales, wholesale, or potency tax on cannabis and no cannabis tax revenue, because no legal state cannabis market exists to tax. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians levies its own cannabis tax on the Qualla Boundary; that revenue accrues to the tribe rather than the State of North Carolina and is out of scope for the state fields here. No primary-sourced tribal rate was confirmed.

Field Value Source
Excise tax Not available in the public record
Excise tax type none [11]
Sales tax Not available in the public record
Wholesale tax Not available in the public record
Potency tax exists No [12]
Potency tax, flower Not available in the public record
Potency tax, concentrate Not available in the public record
Potency tax, edibles Not available in the public record
Local tax (max) Not available in the public record
Local tax (typical) Not available in the public record
Total effective rate Not available in the public record
Medical tax exempt Not available in the public record
Medical tax rate Not available in the public record
Annual tax revenue Not available in the public record
Tax revenue per capita Not available in the public record
Tax changed since legalization Not available in the public record
Tax direction Not available in the public record
Operators

Operator Data

North Carolina has no state-legal cannabis operators, sales, prices, or licenses to measure, so every operator-outcome field is null by absence of a state program. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians operates a legal dispensary on the Qualla Boundary, Great Smoky Cannabis Co., but the tribe has declined to release sales figures; the only public figure is a company projection of profit to the tribe, which is an aspiration rather than a verified actual and is not recorded as a data point.

Field Value Source
Wholesale flower ($/lb) Not available in the public record
Wholesale flower period Not available in the public record
Wholesale trend Not available in the public record
Wholesale price compression Not available in the public record
Retail flower ($/oz) Not available in the public record
Operator margin Not available in the public record
Total market sales Not available in the public record
Adult-use sales Not available in the public record
Per-capita sales Not available in the public record
YoY sales growth Not available in the public record
License attrition (count) Not available in the public record
License attrition Not available in the public record
Peak cultivation licenses Not available in the public record
Current cultivation licenses Not available in the public record
Outcomes

Consumer Data

North Carolina has no state-legal cannabis sales or dispensaries, so per-capita sales and dispensaries per 100,000 residents are null. Legal-market capture is also null: no primary North Carolina source quantifies the share of consumption met through unregulated, unlicensed, or tribal channels, so the figure cannot be stated from public records.

Field Value Source
Per-capita sales Not available in the public record
Dispensaries per 100k Not available in the public record
Legal market capture Not available in the public record
Legal capture source Not available in the public record
Retail price trend Not available in the public record
Equity

Equity Programs

North Carolina has no state cannabis legalization law and therefore no cannabis social-equity program, equity license category, or equity fund. North Carolina does permit petition-based expunction of cannabis conviction records under the general controlled-substance expunction statute NCGS 15A-145.2; the process requires the individual to file a petition, meet waiting periods and eligibility conditions, and obtain a court order. There is no automatic cannabis-conviction expungement and no published count of cannabis records cleared, so the number processed is not available in the public record. The state publishes no cannabis ownership demographics, because there are no state licensees.

Field Value Source
Equity program exists No [13]
Equity program type Not available in the public record
Equity licenses awarded Not available in the public record
Equity licenses operational Not available in the public record
Equity activation rate Not available in the public record
Equity fund exists No [14]
Equity fund size Not available in the public record
Equity fund disbursed Not available in the public record
Equity fund disbursement rate Not available in the public record
Minority ownership Not available in the public record
Women ownership Not available in the public record
Community reinvestment Not available in the public record
Expungement exists Yes [25]
Expungement automatic No [26]
Expungements processed Not available in the public record
Income cap for equity Not available in the public record
Enforcement

Enforcement

North Carolina has no state cannabis regulatory agency, budget, staff, inspection regime, testing requirement, recall system, or licensee fine schedule, because there are no state licensees to regulate. Enforcement against cannabis in North Carolina is criminal rather than regulatory, carried out by police, prosecutors, and the State Bureau of Investigation, and is reflected in the criminalization section and the arrest time series. The regulatory-enforcement metrics in this section are therefore null by absence of a state program.

Field Value Source
Track-and-trace system Not available in the public record
Inspections per year Not available in the public record
Enforcement actions (licensees) Not available in the public record
Unlicensed-market enforcement actions Not available in the public record
Regulatory budget Not available in the public record
Regulatory staff Not available in the public record
Mandatory testing analytes Not available in the public record
Testing cost per batch Not available in the public record
Product recalls per year Not available in the public record
Fine schedule (min) Not available in the public record
Fine schedule (max) Not available in the public record
Criminal Law

Penalties & Criminal Law

Cannabis is a Schedule VI controlled substance under NCGS 90-94, and there is no lawful possession amount under North Carolina state law. Possession is graded by weight under NCGS 90-95(d)(4): 0.5 ounce or less is a Class 3 misdemeanor, punishable by a fine up to $200 with no active jail on a first offense; more than 0.5 ounce up to 1.5 ounces is a Class 1 misdemeanor; and more than 1.5 ounces, 42.52 grams, is a Class I felony carrying a presumptive 4 to 10 months under structured sentencing. North Carolina amended its possession law in 1977 to classify low-level possession as a misdemeanor and remove the threat of imprisonment, an early depenalization of small-amount possession; that structure has not been made harsher since. Cultivation, charged as manufacture, and sale are felonies at any quantity, a Class I felony and a Class H felony respectively. Trafficking thresholds under NCGS 90-95(h)(1) impose mandatory-minimum sentences that escalate by weight, from 10 pounds (Class H, 25-month minimum, $5,000 fine) to 10,000 pounds or more (Class D, 175-month minimum, $200,000 fine). North Carolina sets no per se THC blood limit for impaired driving; the general adult standard under NCGS 20-138.1 is impairment-based, because the per se zero-tolerance prong reaches only Schedule I substances. Cannabis records may be expunged through a petition-based process, not automatically. The most recent annual cannabis-arrest total is 11,585 for calendar-year 2024, compiled by NORML from North Carolina data reported to the FBI through NIBRS; that series, which underreports because not all agencies report a full 12 months, fell from 21,251 in 2018 to 10,909 in 2023 before the 2024 figure. The Black-to-white cannabis-possession arrest-rate ratio was 3.26 in 2018 per the ACLU's analysis of FBI Uniform Crime Reporting data, ranking North Carolina 31st nationally.

Field Value Source
Max penalty, unlicensed cultivation Cultivation is prosecuted as 'manufacture' of a Schedule VI controlled substance under NCGS 90-95(a)(1)/(b)(2). Base manufacture/delivery of marijuana (no sale, no remuneration) is a Class I felony; selling marijuana is a Class H felony. Cultivated quantities meeting the trafficking thresholds in NCGS 90-95(h)(1) escalate sharply: 10 to <50 lb = Class H (25-month mandatory minimum, $5,000 min fine); 50 to <2,000 lb = Class G (35 months, $25,000); 2,000 to <10,000 lb = Class F (70 months, $50,000); 10,000 lb+ = Class D (175-month mandatory minimum, $200,000 min fine). Class D (175-222 months) is the statutory maximum for marijuana trafficking by manufacture. [15]
Max penalty, unlicensed sale Sale/delivery of marijuana is a Class H felony under NCGS 90-95(b)(2) when below trafficking weight. At or above 10 lb, NCGS 90-95(h)(1) imposes mandatory-minimum trafficking sentences: 10 to <50 lb = Class H (25-39 months, $5,000 fine); 50 to <2,000 lb = Class G (35-51 months, $25,000); 2,000 to <10,000 lb = Class F (70-93 months, $50,000); 10,000 lb+ = Class D (175-222 months, $200,000 fine). Class D is the maximum. Mandatory minimums apply absent a court finding of 'substantial assistance' to law enforcement. [16]
Felony threshold (grams) 42.52 [17]
Felony threshold type possession [18]
Penalty, possession over limit There is no lawful possession amount under NC state law, but possession is graded by weight: 0.5 oz or less = Class 3 misdemeanor (first offense punishable by fine only, no active jail, max $200); more than 0.5 oz up to 1.5 oz = Class 1 misdemeanor (up to ~45 days, typically community punishment for low prior-record levels); more than 1.5 oz (42.52 g) = Class I felony (presumptive 4-10 months under structured sentencing). NC removed the threat of imprisonment for low-level possession in 1977, making it an early de facto decriminalizer. [19]
Penalty, public consumption North Carolina has no distinct marijuana public-consumption offense. Because all marijuana possession/use is unlawful, public use is charged as simple possession under NCGS 90-95(d)(4), graded by quantity (Class 3 misdemeanor for 0.5 oz or less). There is no public-use enhancement analogous to the alcohol public-intoxication statute. [20]
DUI per se limit (ng) Not available in the public record
DUI zero tolerance No [21]
Penalties increased post-legalization Not available in the public record
Penalty direction Not available in the public record
Penalty direction details North Carolina has never legalized medical or adult-use cannabis, so a 'post-legalization' penalty trajectory does not apply. The long-run direction has been toward leniency, not severity: in 1977 NC amended its possession law to classify low-level possession as a misdemeanor and remove the threat of imprisonment (codified at NCGS 90-95(d)), making NC one of the earliest states to depenalize small-amount possession. The current weight-graded structure (Class 3 misdemeanor for 0.5 oz or less, fine-only first offense) descends directly from that 1977 reform and has not been made harsher. [22]
Post-legalization arrests (annual) 11585 [23]
Racial disparity ratio 3.26 [24]
Expungement exists Yes [25]
Expungement automatic No [26]

Sources

  1. U.S. Census Bureau, Vintage 2024 Population Estimates (NST-EST2024-POP), state of North Carolina https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2024/state/totals/NST-EST2024-POP.xlsx
  2. USPS / U.S. Census Bureau standard two-letter abbreviation for North Carolina https://www.census.gov/library/reference/code-lists/ansi.html
  3. Dashboard compilation date 2026-06-07. Statutory citations reflect the North Carolina General Statutes current through the 2025 regular session; population is U.S. Census Vintage 2024 (July 1, 2024); the racial-disparity ratio reflects ACLU analysis of 2018 FBI UCR arrest data; the arrest series reflects NORML's compilation of NC NIBRS data through CY2024.
  4. U.S. Census Bureau, Vintage 2024 Population Estimates (NST-EST2024-POP), North Carolina July 1, 2024 = 11,046,024 (value extracted directly from the Census NST-EST2024-POP workbook; corroborated by NC OSBM, 'North Carolina is Now Home to Over 11 Million People,' Dec. 2024) https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2024/state/totals/NST-EST2024-POP.xlsx
  5. Home cultivation is illegal under NC state law; growing marijuana is prosecuted as 'manufacture' of a Schedule VI controlled substance under NCGS 90-95(a)(1). No personal-cultivation exemption exists https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-95.html
  6. No legal state cannabis market exists; sale/delivery of marijuana is criminalized under NCGS 90-95(b)(2)/(a)(1) https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-95.html
  7. No state-licensed cannabis retail or delivery exists in North Carolina; marijuana sale/delivery is a criminal offense (NCGS 90-95) https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-95.html
  8. No legal state cannabis market or licensing framework exists; on-site consumption venues are not authorized and use is criminalized (NCGS 90-95(d)) https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-95.html
  9. All cannabis above 0.3% delta-9 THC is illegal under NC state law in every product form (NCGS 90-95). Only the narrow possession exception for intractable-epilepsy patients (NCGS 90-94.1) and hemp at/below 0.3% delta-9 THC (NC Session Law 2022-32) are legal https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-95.html
  10. Marijuana scheduling (Schedule VI): NCGS 90-94, . Epilepsy Alternative Treatment Act (possession-only, <0.9% THC/>=5% CBD): NCGS 90-94.1, https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-94.1.html . Hemp removed from controlled substances schedule: NC Session Law 2022-32 (SB 455), https://www.ncleg.gov/Sessions/2021/Bills/Senate/PDF/S455v1.pdf . EBCI sovereign cannabis market (Great Smoky Cannabis Co.): EBCI Cannabis Control Board, https://ebci-ccb.org/grand-opening-of-the-great-smoky-cannabis-company/ https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-94.html
  11. No state cannabis excise tax exists because North Carolina has no legal adult-use or medical cannabis market and no cannabis taxing statute; marijuana is a criminalized Schedule VI substance (NCGS 90-94) https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-94.html
  12. No cannabis tax of any kind exists under North Carolina state law; there is no legal state market to tax https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-95.html
  13. North Carolina has no state cannabis legalization law and therefore no cannabis social-equity program, equity license category, or equity fund https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-95.html
  14. No state cannabis program exists in North Carolina; there is no dedicated cannabis equity or reinvestment fund https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-95.html
  15. NCGS 90-95(a)(1)/(b)(2): manufacture/delivery of marijuana (Schedule VI) is a Class I felony, sale a Class H felony; trafficking thresholds and mandatory minimums in NCGS 90-95(h)(1) (10 lb Class H 25-mo min; 10,000 lb+ Class D 175-mo min, $200,000 fine). Felony sentence ranges: NCGS 15A-1340.17 https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-95.html
  16. NCGS 90-95(b)(2): sale of marijuana is a Class H felony below trafficking weight; NCGS 90-95(h)(1) sets mandatory-minimum trafficking tiers from 10 lb (Class H) to 10,000 lb+ (Class D, 175-222 months, $200,000 minimum fine) https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-95.html
  17. NCGS 90-95(d)(4): possession becomes a Class I felony when the quantity 'exceeds one and one-half ounces (avoirdupois) of marijuana.' 1.5 oz avoirdupois = 42.52 g (1.5 x 28.3495). Statutory text verified https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-95.html
  18. NCGS 90-95(d)(4): the 1.5-ounce (42.52 g) weight threshold that elevates an offense to a Class I felony applies to POSSESSION https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-95.html
  19. NCGS 90-95(d)(4): possession of 0.5 oz or less = Class 3 misdemeanor; more than 0.5 oz to 1.5 oz = Class 1 misdemeanor; more than 1.5 oz = Class I felony. Misdemeanor punishment chart (incl. Class 3 = fine up to $200, no active jail first offense): NCGS 15A-1340.23. Felony chart: NCGS 15A-1340.17 https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-95.html
  20. North Carolina has no separate marijuana public-consumption statute; public use is charged as possession under NCGS 90-95(d)(4), graded by weight https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-95.html
  21. NCGS 20-138.1: North Carolina's general adult DWI is impairment-based ('under the influence of an impairing substance'); the per se zero-tolerance prong (20-138.1(a)(3)) applies only to Schedule I substances and their metabolites. Marijuana is Schedule VI (NCGS 90-94), so no per se / zero-tolerance standard applies to marijuana for general adult drivers. (Drivers under 21 face a separate near-zero-tolerance rule under NCGS 20-138.3.) https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_20/GS_20-138.1.html
  22. 1977 decriminalization codified at NCGS 90-95(d): . The 1977 reform (classifying low-level possession as a misdemeanor and removing the threat of imprisonment) is documented in ACLU, 'A Tale of Two Countries' (2020), footnote 95: 'In 1977, North Carolina amended its marijuana possession laws to classify low-level possession as a Class C misdemeanor and remove the threat of imprisonment, codified at N.C. Gen. Stat. 90-95(d).' https://www.aclu.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/marijuanareport_03232021.pdf https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_90/GS_90-95.html
  23. [SECONDARY] NORML, 'Annual North Carolina Marijuana Arrests' (data modified Nov. 3, 2025), compiling NC marijuana-arrest figures reported to the FBI via NIBRS: CY2024 total = 11,585 (possession 10,843 + sales 742). NORML notes NIBRS data underreport actual arrests because not all agencies report 12 full months. Underlying primary: NC SBI submissions to FBI NIBRS / FBI Crime Data Explorer (). https://norml.org/marijuana/library/state-marijuana-arrests/north-carolina-marijuana-arrests/ https://norml.org/marijuana/library/state-marijuana-arrests/north-carolina-marijuana-arrests/
  24. [SECONDARY] ACLU, 'A Tale of Two Countries: Racially Targeted Arrests in the Era of Marijuana Reform' (2020), North Carolina = 3.26 Black:White marijuana-possession arrest-rate ratio (white rate 234.85 vs. Black rate 528.27 per 100,000; report displays '3.3x'; NC ranks 31st nationally). Value extracted directly from the report's state table. Underlying primary data: FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program 2018 arrest data https://www.aclu.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/marijuanareport_03232021.pdf
  25. North Carolina permits petition-based expunction of marijuana conviction records under the controlled-substance expunction statute NCGS 15A-145.2 (and related general expunction provisions NCGS 15A-145 et seq.); it is not cannabis-specific https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_15A/GS_15A-145.2.html
  26. Expunction of a conviction under NCGS 15A-145.2 is petition-based: the individual must file a petition, meet waiting periods and eligibility conditions, and obtain a court order. There is no automatic cannabis-conviction expungement in North Carolina https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_15A/GS_15A-145.2.html