Data as of 2026-06-03

Vermont

Vermont legalized personal possession and home cultivation through Act 86 of 2018, then created a licensed adult-use market through Act 164 of 2020, which became law without the Governor's signature on October 7, 2020. Licensed retail sales began 724 days later, on October 1, 2022. In fiscal year 2025, the most recent full fiscal year, total cannabis sales reached $145,649,861 — $143,809,216 of it taxable adult-use — up 11.6 percent over fiscal year 2024. That works out to roughly $224.6 in sales per resident. Sales have risen every full fiscal year since launch, from $59 million in the partial-year FY2023 to $130.5 million in FY2024 to $145.6 million in FY2025. On the supply side, the state reports 329 active cultivator licenses and 111 active retailer licenses as of June 3, 2026; Vermont publishes active license counts rather than an awarded-versus-operational pipeline. Active cultivator counts have fallen from a documented peak of 387 in November 2024 to 329, a decline of 58 licenses or 15.0 percent. Retail operates under municipal opt-in: 78 of Vermont's 247 towns and cities, 31.6 percent, have voted to allow cannabis retail. Home cultivation of up to two mature plants is legal. Cannabis tax rates have been unchanged since the market opened.

Market

Licensing & Market

Vermont reports 329 active cultivator licenses and 111 active retailer licenses as of June 3, 2026. The state publishes active license counts only, not a separate awarded-versus-operational pipeline, so activation rates are not computed. There are 507.3 active cultivators per million residents and 17.1 active retailers per 100,000 residents. Active cultivator counts have fallen from a documented peak of 387 in November 2024 to 329, a decline of 58 licenses, or 15.0 percent. The principal license types — cultivation, retail, manufacturing, wholesale, and testing — carry no numeric cap. A statutory cap of five fully integrated licenses exists, available only to applicants that held a medical dispensary registration on April 1, 2022; two integrated licenses were active in fiscal year 2025. Full vertical integration is otherwise not permitted: a cannabis business generally holds only one license type. Chapter 33 of Title 7 imposes no owner or applicant residency requirement. Changes of ownership and control are administered by the Cannabis Control Board through a license-amendment process. Retail is governed by municipal opt-in: 78 of Vermont's 247 towns and cities, 31.6 percent, have voted to allow cannabis retail. The application fee is a one-time $1,000 across all license types; the representative entry-level cultivator annual fee (Outdoor Tier 1) is $750, and the retailer annual fee is $10,000. The state tracks product through a Cannabis Control Board inventory-tracking portal it operates itself.

Field Value Source
Cultivator licenses awarded Not available in the public record —
Cultivator licenses operational 329 [8]
Cultivator activation rate Not available in the public record —
Operating cultivators per million 507.3 [9]
Retail licenses awarded Not available in the public record —
Retail licenses operational 111 [10]
Retail activation rate Not available in the public record —
Dispensaries per 100k 17.1 [11]
Vertical integration allowed with restrictions [12]
License caps exist Yes [13]
Licenses transferable Yes [14]
Residency required No [15]
Residency duration (months) Not available in the public record —
Municipalities allowing 78 [16]
Municipalities total 247 [17]
Municipal opt-in rate 31.6% [18]
Track-and-trace system CCB inventory tracking portal (state-operated) [19]
Cultivator application fee $1,000 [20]
Cultivator annual fee $750 [21]
Retail application fee $1,000 [22]
Retail annual fee $10,000 [23]
Consumers

Consumer Rules

Adults 21 and over may possess up to 1 ounce of cannabis, and home cultivation of up to two mature and four immature plants per dwelling unit is legal. Per-transaction purchases are capped at the equivalent of 1 ounce of usable flower — 28 grams of flower, 14 grams of concentrate at or below 60 percent THC, under the Cannabis Control Board equivalency chart. Not all product forms and potencies may be sold to the public. Title 7, Section 868 prohibits flower above 30 percent THC; solid concentrate above 60 percent THC may be sold only licensee-to-licensee; liquid concentrate above 60 percent THC may be sold to the public only if prepackaged for a battery-powered device. Edible packages are capped at 50 milligrams of THC total and 5 milligrams per serving. Butane and hexane extraction are prohibited. Adult-use delivery is prohibited under Title 7, Section 907, with a narrow exception for medical-endorsed retailers serving registered patients and caregivers. No social-consumption license exists, so there are no consumption lounges.

Field Value Source
Home grow allowed Yes [24]
Home grow plant limit 2 [25]
Possession limit (oz) 1 [26]
Delivery legal No [27]
Delivery operational No [28]
Consumption lounges legal No [29]
Consumption lounges count 0 [30]
Purchase limit, flower (oz) 1 [31]
Purchase limit, concentrate (g) 14 [32]
Purchase limit, edibles (mg) 50 [33]
All product forms legal No [34]
Restricted product forms THC potency caps under 7 V.S.A. § 868: cannabis flower above 30% THC is prohibited; solid concentrate above 60% THC may be sold only licensee-to-licensee (not to the public); liquid concentrate above 60% THC may be sold to the public only if prepackaged for a battery-powered (vape) device. Edible packages capped at 50 mg THC total and 5 mg THC per serving (CCB Purchase Limits Guidance / Rule 2). Butane/hexane extraction prohibited (18 V.S.A. § 4230h). No nicotine or alcohol permitted in cannabis products. [35]
Taxes

Taxation

Vermont imposes a 14 percent cannabis excise tax on the retail sales price under Title 32, Section 7902, plus the standard 6 percent state sales tax — a combined statewide rate of 20 percent. Municipalities that have adopted the 1 percent local option tax bring the combined rate to 21 percent. Vermont imposes no potency-based tax and no wholesale or cultivation-weight tax; taxation is purely ad valorem. Sales to patients and caregivers registered through the medical-use program are fully exempt from both the excise and the sales tax. Tax rates have been unchanged since adult-use sales began in October 2022; Act 27 of 2025 changed only the allocation of excise revenue, not the rate. The cannabis excise tax raised $20,133,290 in fiscal year 2025, about $31.0 per resident. The 6 percent sales tax on cannabis raised an additional $8,382,844 in fiscal year 2025, tracked separately. The Legislative Joint Fiscal Office reports the fiscal year 2025 excise at $20,221,141 on a revenue-accounting basis, a difference of about 0.4 percent from the Department of Taxes filing basis.

Field Value Source
Excise tax 14% [36]
Excise tax type per price [37]
Sales tax 6% [38]
Wholesale tax Not available in the public record —
Potency tax exists No [39]
Potency tax, flower Not available in the public record —
Potency tax, concentrate Not available in the public record —
Potency tax, edibles Not available in the public record —
Local tax (max) 1% [40]
Local tax (typical) Not available in the public record —
Total effective rate 20% [41]
Medical tax exempt Yes [42]
Medical tax rate Not available in the public record —
Annual tax revenue $20,133,290 [43]
Tax revenue per capita $31 [44]
Tax changed since legalization No [45]
Tax direction unchanged [46]
Operators

Operator Data

Total cannabis sales reached $145,649,861 in fiscal year 2025, of which $143,809,216 was taxable adult-use. Year-over-year growth was 11.6 percent. Sales per resident were roughly $224.6. Active cultivator licenses have fallen from a documented peak of 387 in November 2024 to 329 as of June 3, 2026 — a decline of 58 licenses, or 15.0 percent — across snapshots of 387 (November 2024), 384 (August 2025), 362 (November 2025), and 329 (June 2026). Vermont publishes no official retail or wholesale cannabis price index, so wholesale-level price compression and operator margins cannot be quantified from public records; any price-per-unit figure would come only through proprietary data not used here. What the public record shows is a growing-revenue market reaching double-digit rather than triple-digit growth while the active cultivation base contracts.

Field Value Source
Wholesale flower ($/lb) Not available in the public record —
Wholesale flower period Not available in the public record —
Wholesale trend Not available in the public record —
Wholesale price compression Not available in the public record —
Retail flower ($/oz) Not available in the public record —
Operator margin Not available in the public record —
Total market sales $145,649,861 [47]
Adult-use sales $143,809,216 [48]
Per-capita sales $222.9 [49]
YoY sales growth 11.6% [50]
License attrition (count) 58 [51]
License attrition 15% [52]
Peak cultivation licenses 387 [53]
Current cultivation licenses 329 [54]
Outcomes

Consumer Data

Vermont residents purchased roughly $224.6 of legal cannabis per capita in fiscal year 2025, served by 17.1 active retailers per 100,000 residents. The state publishes no official retail price index, so the direction of retail prices cannot be stated from public sources. The state publishes no estimate of legal-market capture — the share of total consumption met by licensed retailers versus the unregulated market — so the degree to which legal supply has displaced the legacy market cannot be stated from public sources. The most recent published cross-state estimate predates legalization.

Field Value Source
Per-capita sales $222.9 [49]
Dispensaries per 100k 17.1 [11]
Legal market capture Not available in the public record —
Legal capture source Not available in the public record —
Retail price trend Not available in the public record —
Equity

Equity Programs

Vermont's equity design runs through two Cannabis Control Board programs. Social Equity status carries graduated license-fee reductions — no fee for the initial license, then 25, 50, 75, and full fees over successive renewals. Economic Empowerment status gives priority during initial licensing to businesses owned by women, veterans, LGBTQIA+ individuals, Indigenous people, and people of color. Direct financial support is delivered through the Cannabis Business Development Fund, created by Act 62 of 2021, which funds grants, job training, and technical assistance for social equity licensees. The fund's corpus is $1,557,500, drawn from three one-time general-fund transfers of $500,000 and a private contribution of $57,500. As of the fiscal year 2027 fees report, 91 of the state's 576 licensees, approximately 16 percent, hold social equity status. The state does not publish a cumulative disbursement total for the fund, an operational split for social equity businesses, or licensee ownership demographics by race or gender. Vermont automatically expunges, without petition, eligible low-level cannabis convictions entered before January 1, 2021, under Act 167 of 2020; the Judiciary has not published a count of records cleared.

Field Value Source
Equity program exists Yes [55]
Equity program type Two parallel CCB-administered programs: (1) Social Equity status (7 V.S.A. § 881 / CCB Rule 1) with graduated license-fee reductions — no fee for the initial license, then 25% / 50% / 75% / full over successive renewals; (2) Economic Empowerment status (CCB under 7 V.S.A. § 903(a)(2)) for women-, veteran-, LGBTQIA+-, Indigenous-, and communities-of-color-owned businesses, given priority during initial licensing. Direct financial support is delivered through the Cannabis Business Development Fund (CBDF), 7 V.S.A. § 987 (created by Act 62 of 2021) — grants, job training, and technical assistance exclusively for social equity licensees. [56]
Equity licenses awarded 91 [57]
Equity licenses operational Not available in the public record —
Equity activation rate Not available in the public record —
Equity fund exists Yes [58]
Equity fund size $1,557,500 [59]
Equity fund disbursed Not available in the public record —
Equity fund disbursement rate Not available in the public record —
Minority ownership Not available in the public record —
Women ownership Not available in the public record —
Community reinvestment Not available in the public record —
Expungement exists Yes [60]
Expungement automatic Yes [61]
Expungements processed Not available in the public record —
Income cap for equity Not available in the public record —
Enforcement

Enforcement

Vermont tracks regulated product through a Cannabis Control Board inventory-tracking portal that the Board operates itself; the specific vendor behind the portal is not confirmed in the public record. The Board issued 51 Notices of Violation in calendar-year 2025, the only published enforcement count. The Governor's recommended fiscal year 2027 budget for the Board is $7,141,126, and the Board reports 28 total staff. Mandatory testing covers six statutory categories under Title 7, Section 885: cannabinoid potency, pesticides, solvents, heavy metals, mycotoxins, and microbial contaminants. Other operational metrics — annual inspection counts, illicit-market enforcement actions, product recalls, per-batch testing cost, and a fixed fine schedule — are not available in the public record, not because enforcement does not occur, but because the Board reports penalties case-by-case rather than as annual public figures.

Field Value Source
Track-and-trace system CCB inventory tracking portal (state-operated) [19]
Inspections per year Not available in the public record —
Enforcement actions (licensees) 51 [62]
Unlicensed-market enforcement actions Not available in the public record —
Regulatory budget $7,141,126 [63]
Regulatory staff 28 [64]
Mandatory testing analytes 6 [65]
Testing cost per batch Not available in the public record —
Product recalls per year Not available in the public record —
Fine schedule (min) Not available in the public record —
Fine schedule (max) Not available in the public record —
Criminal Law

Penalties & Criminal Law

Act 86 of 2018 legalized possession of up to 1 ounce and home cultivation of two mature and four immature plants; Act 167 of 2020 raised the criminal-penalty quantity thresholds, reduced low-level offenses to civil penalties, and mandated automatic expungement of pre-2021 low-level convictions. No post-legalization statute has increased a cannabis criminal penalty; the net direction is lighter. Possession over 1 ounce up to 2 ounces is a civil penalty only — up to $100 for a first offense. Possession of 2 ounces or more — roughly 56.7 grams — is the threshold at which possession first becomes incarcerable, carrying up to six months for a first offense, with higher tiers escalating to up to 15 years and a fine up to $500,000 at 10 pounds or more. Unlicensed cultivation of more than 12 mature or 24 immature plants carries up to 15 years and a fine up to $500,000. Trafficking 50 pounds or more of cannabis with intent to sell carries up to 30 years and a fine up to $1,000,000 under Title 18, Section 4230(c). Vermont sets no per se THC blood limit for impaired driving, relying on an impairment standard under Title 23, Section 1201. Eligible cannabis records are expunged automatically. Post-legalization arrest counts and racial disparity ratios are not asserted here as primary figures: the only available series are secondary federal arrest data (about 30 cannabis arrests in 2024) and a pre-legalization ACLU disparity estimate (a 6.06 Black-to-white possession-arrest ratio, 2018 data), preserved in the underlying record rather than stated as current primary figures.

Field Value Source
Max penalty, unlicensed cultivation Cultivating more than 12 mature cannabis plants or more than 24 immature plants: imprisonment up to 15 years and/or a fine up to $500,000 (18 V.S.A. § 4230(a), highest cultivation tier). Lower tiers escalate: more than 6 mature / 12 immature = up to 5 years / $10,000; more than 4 mature / 8 immature = up to 3 years / $10,000. Cultivation of 2 mature / 4 immature or fewer is legal for adults 21+. [66]
Max penalty, unlicensed sale Trafficking — possessing 50 lbs or more of cannabis (or 5 lbs or more of hashish) with intent to sell or dispense: imprisonment up to 30 years and/or a fine up to $1,000,000 (18 V.S.A. § 4230(c)). Sale/dispensing tiers (§ 4230(b)): any amount = up to 2 years / $10,000; more than 1 oz = up to 5 years / $100,000; 1 lb or more = up to 15 years / $500,000. [67]
Felony threshold (grams) 56.7 [68]
Felony threshold type possession [69]
Penalty, possession over limit Over 1 oz up to 2 oz (and 2-4 mature plants): civil penalty only — up to $100 (1st), $200 (2nd), $500 (3rd+). 2 oz or more (or more than 3 mature / 6 immature plants): up to 6 months / $500 (1st offense), up to 2 years / $2,000 (subsequent). 8 oz or more (or more than 4 mature / 8 immature): up to 3 years / $10,000. 1 lb or more: up to 5 years. 10 lbs or more (or more than 12 mature / 24 immature): up to 15 years / $500,000. (18 V.S.A. § 4230(a)) [70]
Penalty, public consumption Civil penalty: up to $100 (1st offense), $200 (2nd), $500 (3rd and subsequent) for consuming cannabis in a public place (18 V.S.A. § 4230a(a)(2)). [71]
DUI per se limit (ng) Not available in the public record [72]
DUI zero tolerance No [73]
Penalties increased post-legalization No [74]
Penalty direction lighter [75]
Penalty direction details Vermont cannabis penalties have only been relaxed since legalization. Act 86 of 2018 legalized possession of up to 1 oz and home cultivation of 2 mature / 4 immature plants. Act 167 of 2020 (S.234) raised the criminal-penalty quantity thresholds, reduced low-level possession/cultivation to civil penalties, and mandated automatic expungement of pre-2021 low-level convictions. No post-legalization statute has increased any cannabis criminal penalty. [76]
Post-legalization arrests (annual) 30 [77]
Racial disparity ratio 6.06 [78]
Expungement exists Yes [60]
Expungement automatic Yes [61]

Sources

  1. ↑ 7 V.S.A. chapter 33 (Cannabis Establishments) https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/07/033
  2. ↑ USPS / U.S. Census standard two-letter abbreviation for Vermont.
  3. ↑ Most recent license data point: VT CCB Licensed Cannabis Establishments report (licenses_6.3.xlsx, 2026-06-03). Sales/revenue data current through Mar 2026 (VT Dept of Taxes); population is Census Vintage 2024 https://ccb.vermont.gov/licenses
  4. ↑ Act 164 of 2020 (S.54), the adult-use commercial regulation-and-tax law that created the Cannabis Control Board and the licensed adult-use market, allowed to become law without the Governor's signature on Oct 7, 2020. Distinct from Act 86 of 2018 (eff. 2018-07-01), which legalized only personal possession and home cultivation with no legal sales https://legislature.vermont.gov/bill/status/2020/S.54
  5. ↑ [SECONDARY] First licensed adult-use retail sales occurred Oct 1, 2022. MJBizDaily, 'Strong retail demand in Vermont on first day of recreational marijuana sales,' Oct 1, 2022 https://mjbizdaily.com/vermont-retailers-see-strong-demand-on-first-day-of-recreational-marijuana-sales/
  6. ↑ CALC: first sale (2022-10-01) minus adult-use commercial law effective date (2020-10-07) = 724 days.
  7. ↑ U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates, Vintage 2024 (July 1, 2024), table NST-EST2024-POP: Vermont = 648,493. Corroborated by VT Joint Fiscal Office demographics brief (ID 404950) https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/VT/PST045224
  8. ↑ VT CCB Licensed Cannabis Establishments report (licenses_6.3.xlsx, 2026-06-03): 329 active cultivator licenses (tier breakdown T1=240, T2=54, T3=24, T4=5, T5=6). Vermont reports active license counts only (no separate 'awarded' pipeline) https://ccb.vermont.gov/sites/ccb/files/2026-06/licenses_6.3.xlsx
  9. ↑ CALC: 329 active cultivators / 648,493 population × 1,000,000 = 507.3 per million.
  10. ↑ VT CCB Licensed Cannabis Establishments report (licenses_6.3.xlsx, 2026-06-03): 111 active retailer licenses https://ccb.vermont.gov/sites/ccb/files/2026-06/licenses_6.3.xlsx
  11. ↑ CALC: 111 active retailer licenses / 648,493 population × 100,000 = 17.1 per 100k.
  12. ↑ 7 V.S.A. § 909 — a cannabis business may generally hold only one license type; full vertical integration ('integrated license' allowing cultivation, manufacturing, wholesale, retail, and testing) is available ONLY to applicants holding a dispensary registration on April 1, 2022, capped at five total integrated licenses (one per former medical dispensary). 2 integrated licenses were active in FY25 https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/07/033/00909
  13. ↑ 7 V.S.A. § 909 — a hard statutory cap of five integrated licenses exists (one per pre-April-1-2022 dispensary). The principal license types (cultivation, retail, manufacturing, wholesale, testing) have no numeric cap; licensing structure is delegated to CCB rules (7 V.S.A. § 881) https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/07/033/00909
  14. ↑ Changes of ownership/control are administered by the CCB via the license-amendment process (CCB License Amendment Request); 7 V.S.A. ch. 33 imposes no transfer prohibition https://ccb.vermont.gov/licenses
  15. ↑ 7 V.S.A. chapter 33 (§§ 881, 904a, 909 reviewed) imposes no owner/applicant residency requirement for adult-use cannabis licenses https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/07/033
  16. ↑ [SECONDARY] Vermont is opt-IN for retail under Act 164 (a town must affirmatively vote to allow cannabis retail). CCB hosts the official opted-in map ('As of 1/3/2025') but publishes the count only inside an embedded map legend. Brattleboro Reformer, 'A roundup of Vermont towns that opted-in recreational cannabis retail,' Jan 2025: 78 of 247 towns opted in (~32%). CCB municipalities page: https://ccb.vermont.gov/municipalities
  17. ↑ [SECONDARY] 247 organized Vermont towns and cities. Brattleboro Reformer, Jan 2025 ('78 out of 247 Vermont towns and cities') https://ccb.vermont.gov/municipalities
  18. ↑ CALC: 78 opted-in / 247 total × 100 = 31.6%.
  19. ↑ VT CCB operates a state inventory-tracking portal for seed-to-sale compliance. CCB Inventory Tracking page and CCB news 'An important update about inventory tracking' (May 16, 2024) refer to the CCB-operated inventory tracking portal https://ccb.vermont.gov/important-update-about-inventory-tracking
  20. ↑ VT CCB Proposal for Fees and Appropriations FY2027 (Act 56 of 2025), Appendix A: 'A license application fee: $1,000 per initial application (one-time fee only)' — flat across all license types https://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Legislative-Reports/Act-56-2025-Fees-and-Appropriations-Report.pdf
  21. ↑ VT CCB FY2027 Fees report, Appendix A: representative figure = Cultivator Outdoor Tier 1 (smallest/most common tier), $750/year. Full annual schedule: Outdoor T1 $750 / T2 $1,875 / T3 $4,000 / T4 $8,000 / T5 $18,000 / T6 $36,000; Indoor T1 $1,500 / T2 $3,750 / T3 $8,000 / T4 $16,000 / T5 $36,000 / T6 $75,000; Mixed T1 $2,250 / T2 $5,625 / T3 $5,500 / T4 $9,500 / T5 $19,500. 269 of 362 cultivators are Tier 1 https://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Legislative-Reports/Act-56-2025-Fees-and-Appropriations-Report.pdf
  22. ↑ VT CCB FY2027 Fees report, Appendix A: flat $1,000 one-time application fee (all license types) https://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Legislative-Reports/Act-56-2025-Fees-and-Appropriations-Report.pdf
  23. ↑ VT CCB FY2027 Fees report, Appendix A: 'Retailers: $10,000 per license on an annual basis' (98 fee instances FY25, $851,500 collected) https://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Legislative-Reports/Act-56-2025-Fees-and-Appropriations-Report.pdf
  24. ↑ 18 V.S.A. § 4230a — persons 21+ may cultivate up to two mature and four immature cannabis plants per dwelling unit https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/18/084/04230a
  25. ↑ 18 V.S.A. § 4230a — 'two mature cannabis plants or fewer or four immature cannabis plants or fewer'; limit is per dwelling unit regardless of number of adults. Field reports the mature-plant limit (2) https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/18/084/04230a
  26. ↑ 18 V.S.A. § 4230a — persons 21+ may possess one ounce or less of cannabis (or five grams or less of hashish) https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/18/084/04230a
  27. ↑ 7 V.S.A. § 907 — 'Delivery of cannabis to customers is prohibited, except as provided in subsection (f)' (a medical-use endorsement delivery exception for registered patients/caregivers only — not adult-use) https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/07/033/00907
  28. ↑ 7 V.S.A. § 907 — adult-use delivery is prohibited; no adult-use delivery operates https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/07/033/00907
  29. ↑ 7 V.S.A. chapter 33 authorizes only cultivator, wholesaler, manufacturer, retailer, testing-laboratory, integrated, and propagation licenses — no on-site/social-consumption (lounge) license exists https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/07/033
  30. ↑ No social-consumption license exists in 7 V.S.A. ch. 33; count = 0 https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/07/033
  31. ↑ 7 V.S.A. § 907 — single-transaction limit is one ounce of cannabis or the equivalent in cannabis products. CCB Purchase Limits Guidance (Feb 2023) equivalency chart: 1 oz = 28 g flower https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/07/033/00907
  32. ↑ CCB Purchase Limits Guidance (Feb 2023) equivalency chart: the one-ounce-equivalent transaction limit = 14 g of concentrate (at ≤60% THC) https://ccb.vermont.gov/sites/ccb/files/2025-12/Purchase.Limit_.Guidance.2023.pdf
  33. ↑ CCB Purchase Limits Guidance (Feb 2023) / CCB Rule 2: edible PACKAGE cap = 50 mg THC total (and 5 mg THC per serving). The full one-ounce-equivalent transaction allows up to 168 such 50-mg packages https://ccb.vermont.gov/sites/ccb/files/2025-12/Purchase.Limit_.Guidance.2023.pdf
  34. ↑ 7 V.S.A. § 868 imposes THC potency caps (flower ≤30%; other-than-flower ≤60% with a vape exception), so not all product forms/potencies are permitted for sale to the public https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/07/033/00868
  35. ↑ 7 V.S.A. § 868 — flower above 30% THC prohibited; solid concentrate above 60% THC sold only licensee-to-licensee; liquid concentrate above 60% THC sold to the public only if prepackaged for a battery-powered device. CCB Purchase Limits Guidance: edibles ≤50 mg/package and ≤5 mg/serving; butane/hexane extraction prohibited (18 V.S.A. § 4230h) https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/07/033/00868
  36. ↑ 32 V.S.A. § 7902 — 'There is imposed a cannabis excise tax equal to 14 percent of the sales price of each retail sale in this State of cannabis and cannabis products.' https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/32/207/07902
  37. ↑ 32 V.S.A. § 7902 — the 14% excise is assessed ad valorem on the retail sales price (per-price) https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/32/207/07902
  38. ↑ Vermont's standard 6% sales/use tax applies to cannabis. VT Legislative Joint Fiscal Office, Cannabis Tax Revenue Fast Facts (ID 403408): 'Cannabis Sales Tax: 6%.' https://ljfo.vermont.gov/assets/Publications/Fast-Facts/Cannabis-Fast-Facts-ID-403408.pdf
  39. ↑ VT imposes no potency-based (per-mg-THC) tax; taxation is purely ad valorem (14% excise + 6% sales). 32 V.S.A. §§ 7901-7902 https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/32/207/07902
  40. ↑ VT 1% local option tax (LOT) applies in municipalities that have adopted it. VT Legislative Joint Fiscal Office, Cannabis Tax Revenue Fast Facts (ID 403408): '6% (plus a 1% local option tax in certain municipalities).' https://ljfo.vermont.gov/assets/Publications/Fast-Facts/Cannabis-Fast-Facts-ID-403408.pdf
  41. ↑ CALC: 14% state excise (32 V.S.A. § 7902) + 6% state sales tax = 20.0% statewide baseline; 21.0% in municipalities with the 1% local option tax. LJFO states a combined 20% rate https://ljfo.vermont.gov/assets/Publications/Fast-Facts/Cannabis-Fast-Facts-ID-403408.pdf
  42. ↑ 32 V.S.A. § 7902 — the cannabis excise tax does not apply to sales to patients and caregivers registered through the medical-use program; the 6% sales tax is also exempt for registered medical sales. Medical is fully tax-exempt https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/32/207/07902
  43. ↑ VT Dept of Taxes Cannabis Excise Tax statistics (20260513CET Statistics.xlsx): FY2025 (most recent full fiscal year) cannabis excise tax = $20,133,290 (reconciles to taxable sales × 0.14). VT Legislative Joint Fiscal Office reports $20,221,141 on a revenue-accounting basis (immaterial ~0.4% difference) https://tax.vermont.gov/data-and-statistics/cannabis-excise-tax
  44. ↑ CALC: $20,133,290 FY2025 cannabis excise / 648,493 population = $31.0 per capita.
  45. ↑ 32 V.S.A. § 7902 — the 14% excise and 6% sales-tax rates have been unchanged since adult-use sales began Oct 2022 https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/32/207/07902
  46. ↑ 32 V.S.A. § 7902 — cannabis tax rates unchanged since the market opened. (Act 27 of 2025 changed only the allocation of excise revenue, not the rate.) https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/32/207/07902
  47. ↑ VT Dept of Taxes Cannabis Excise Tax statistics (20260513CET Statistics.xlsx): FY2025 Total Sales (taxable + non-taxable) = $145,649,861 https://tax.vermont.gov/data-and-statistics/cannabis-excise-tax
  48. ↑ VT Dept of Taxes Cannabis Excise Tax statistics: FY2025 Taxable Sales = $143,809,216 (the taxable adult-use channel; equals excise $20,133,290 / 0.14) https://tax.vermont.gov/data-and-statistics/cannabis-excise-tax
  49. ↑ CALC: FY2025 · adult-use sales $143,809,216 / population 645,184 (U.S. Census Vintage 2025) = $222.90. Reconciled adult-use per-capita (matches Operator Outcomes and the ranking page).
  50. ↑ CALC: FY2025 Total Sales $145,649,861 vs FY2024 Total Sales $130,511,760 = +11.6%. VT Dept of Taxes Cannabis Excise Tax statistics https://tax.vermont.gov/data-and-statistics/cannabis-excise-tax
  51. ↑ CALC: peak 387 active cultivators (CCB Nov 2024) minus 329 current (CCB Jun 2026) = 58 cultivators lost. Both endpoints are primary CCB license figures https://ccb.vermont.gov/sites/ccb/files/2026-06/licenses_6.3.xlsx
  52. ↑ CALC: 58 lost / 387 peak × 100 = 15.0%.
  53. ↑ VT CCB Board Meeting Executive Director Report, Nov 20 2024: 387 active cultivation licenses (highest count documented in a primary CCB report) https://ccb.vermont.gov/sites/ccb/files/2024-11/Board%20Meeting%20November%2020%202024.pdf
  54. ↑ VT CCB Licensed Cannabis Establishments report (licenses_6.3.xlsx, 2026-06-03): 329 active cultivator licenses https://ccb.vermont.gov/sites/ccb/files/2026-06/licenses_6.3.xlsx
  55. ↑ VT CCB Proposal for Fees and Appropriations FY2027 (Act 56 of 2025), pp.5, 13-14 — social equity fee reductions and the Cannabis Business Development Fund https://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Legislative-Reports/Act-56-2025-Fees-and-Appropriations-Report.pdf
  56. ↑ VT CCB FY2027 Fees report, p.5 (graduated SE fee schedule: no fee for initial license, then 25%/50%/75%/full over renewals) and pp.13-14 (Economic Empowerment status, 7 V.S.A. § 903(a)(2); CBDF for grants/job training/technical assistance, 7 V.S.A. § 987, Act 62 of 2021) https://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Legislative-Reports/Act-56-2025-Fees-and-Appropriations-Report.pdf
  57. ↑ VT CCB FY2027 Fees report, p.5: '91 of the state's 576 licensees, approximately 16%, are social equity businesses.' (Social-equity-status businesses among all licensees, not a separate license class.) https://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Legislative-Reports/Act-56-2025-Fees-and-Appropriations-Report.pdf
  58. ↑ VT CCB FY2027 Fees report, p.13 — Cannabis Business Development Fund (CBDF), 7 V.S.A. § 987, established by Act 62 of 2021 https://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Legislative-Reports/Act-56-2025-Fees-and-Appropriations-Report.pdf
  59. ↑ CALC: per VT CCB FY2027 Fees report p.13, the CBDF corpus = 'three one-time general fund transfers of $500,000 and a private contribution of $57,500' = $1,557,500 https://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Legislative-Reports/Act-56-2025-Fees-and-Appropriations-Report.pdf
  60. ↑ Act 167 of 2020 (S.234), codified at 13 V.S.A. chapter 230 (§§ 7601-7615); covers 18 V.S.A. § 4230(a) cannabis records https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/chapter/13/230
  61. ↑ Act 167 of 2020 (S.234) required the Criminal Division of the Superior Court to automatically expunge, without petition, convictions for possession of 2 oz or less / modest cultivation under 18 V.S.A. § 4230(a) entered before Jan 1, 2021 (deadline Jan 1, 2022) https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/chapter/13/230
  62. ↑ VT CCB FY2027 Budget Request presentation to the House Committee on Appropriations (Feb 3, 2026), Compliance and Enforcement Data slide: 51 Notices of Violation in 2025 https://ljfo.vermont.gov/assets/Uploads/WJames-PepperCannabis-Control-Board-FY27-Budget-Presentation2-3-2026.pdf
  63. ↑ VT CCB FY2027 Budget Request presentation (Feb 3, 2026), Governor's Recommended FY2027 budget: $4,576,032 General Fund + $2,565,094 Cannabis Regulation Fund = $7,141,126 total https://ljfo.vermont.gov/assets/Uploads/WJames-PepperCannabis-Control-Board-FY27-Budget-Presentation2-3-2026.pdf
  64. ↑ VT CCB FY2027 Budget Request presentation (Feb 3, 2026): 28 total staff (5 exempt/Board/Executive/Legal, 16 compliance/licensing/medical, 4 business operations/data/outreach, 3 laboratory) https://ljfo.vermont.gov/assets/Uploads/WJames-PepperCannabis-Control-Board-FY27-Budget-Presentation2-3-2026.pdf
  65. ↑ 7 V.S.A. § 885 (Cannabis Quality Control Program) requires testing across 6 categories: cannabinoid profile/potency, pesticides, solvents, heavy metals, mycotoxins, and bacterial/fungal contaminants https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/07/033/00885
  66. ↑ 18 V.S.A. § 4230(a) — cultivating more than 12 mature or 24 immature plants: imprisonment up to 15 years and/or fine up to $500,000 (highest cultivation tier) https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/18/084/04230
  67. ↑ 18 V.S.A. § 4230(c) — trafficking 50 lbs or more of cannabis (or 5 lbs+ hashish) with intent to sell/dispense: imprisonment up to 30 years and/or fine up to $1,000,000. Sale tiers in § 4230(b) https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/18/084/04230
  68. ↑ CALC: 2 oz = 56.7 g, the threshold at which possession first becomes an incarcerable offense under 18 V.S.A. § 4230(a). 1 oz (28.35 g) is legal; over 1 oz to under 2 oz is civil-only https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/18/084/04230
  69. ↑ 18 V.S.A. § 4230(a) — criminal liability is keyed to the weight possessed https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/18/084/04230
  70. ↑ 18 V.S.A. § 4230(a) — graduated tiers from civil penalties ($100/$200/$500 for 1-2 oz) up to felony imprisonment at high weights/plant counts https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/18/084/04230
  71. ↑ 18 V.S.A. § 4230a(a)(2) — civil penalty $100/$200/$500 graduated by offense number for consuming cannabis in a public place https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/18/084/04230a
  72. ↑ Vermont has NO per se THC blood limit. 23 V.S.A. § 1201 uses an impairment standard ('under the influence of any drug'); no numeric ng/mL threshold. Field is null https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/23/013/01201
  73. ↑ 23 V.S.A. § 1201 — Vermont uses an impairment standard, not zero-tolerance/per-se for THC https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/23/013/01201
  74. ↑ No Vermont statute has increased a cannabis criminal penalty since legalization; Act 86 (2018) and Act 167/S.234 (2020) only relaxed penalties https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/18/084/04230
  75. ↑ Act 86 of 2018 and Act 167 of 2020 (S.234) — penalties lightened (legalized possession/home grow; raised criminal thresholds; reduced low-level offenses to civil; automatic expungement) https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/18/084/04230
  76. ↑ Act 86 of 2018 legalized possession ≤1 oz and home cultivation; Act 167 of 2020 (S.234) raised criminal-penalty quantity thresholds, reduced low-level possession/cultivation to civil penalties, and mandated automatic expungement of pre-2021 low-level convictions https://legislature.vermont.gov/bill/status/2020/S.234
  77. ↑ [SECONDARY] FBI Crime Data Explorer (UCR/NIBRS) via NORML, 2024: ~30 cannabis arrests (24 possession + 6 sale/manufacture) — among the lowest rates nationally. Primary portal: https://norml.org/marijuana/library/state-marijuana-arrests/vermont-marijuana-arrests/
  78. ↑ [SECONDARY] ACLU, 'A Tale of Two Countries: Racially Targeted Arrests in the Era of Marijuana Reform' (2020), Vermont row: Black-to-white marijuana-possession arrest-rate ratio = 6.06 (2018 data; VT 6th-highest disparity nationally) https://www.aclu.org/report/tale-two-countries-racially-targeted-arrests-era-marijuana-reform
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